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Companies that produce finished goods are known as converters (sometimes processors). The vast majority of plastics produced worldwide are thermosoftening and must be heated until molten rein order to Beryllium molded. Various sorts of extrusion equipment exist which can then form the plastic into almost any shape.

Engineering plastics are more robust and are used to make products such as vehicle parts, building and construction materials, and some machine parts. Rein some cases they are polymer blends formed by mixing different plastics together (ABS, HIPS etc.

Plasticity also has a technical definition in materials science outside the scope of this article referring to the non-reversible change rein form of solid substances.

Hinein feedstock recycling, waste plastic is converted into its starting chemicals, which can then become fresh plastic. This involves higher energy and capital costs. Alternatively, plastic can be burned in place of fossil fuels rein energy recovery facilities, or biochemically converted into other useful chemicals for industry.

Hinein 2023, plasticosis, a new disease caused solely by plastics, was discovered rein seabirds. The birds identified as having the disease have scarred digestive tracts from ingesting plastic waste.

The plastic industry includes the global production, compounding, conversion and sale of plastic products. Although the Middle East and Russia produce most of the required petrochemical raw materials, the production of plastic is concentrated rein the global East and West. The plastic industry comprises a huge number of companies and can be divided into several sectors:

❓ How to participate in the Plastic Pirates Project? You are a school class or a youth group and want to help protect ur waters?

A number of additives identified as hazardous to humans and/or the environment are regulated internationally. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from chemicals that remain intact hinein the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate hinein the fatty tissue of humans and wildlife, and have harmful impacts on human health or on the environment.[2]

Plastics degrade by a variety of processes, the most significant of which is usually photo-oxidation. Their chemical structure determines their fate. Polymers' marine degradation takes much longer as a result of the saline environment and cooling effect of the sea, contributing to the persistence of plastic debris in certain environments.[54] Recent studies have shown, however, that plastics hinein the ocean decompose faster than had been previously thought, due to exposure to the sun, rain, and other environmental conditions, resulting rein the release of toxic chemicals such as bisphenol A.

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Additives can also be problematic if waste website is burned, especially when burning is uncontrolled or takes place hinein low- technology incinerators, as is common hinein many developing countries. Incomplete combustion can cause emissions of hazardous substances such as acid gases and ash which can contain persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as dioxins.[2]

As additives change the properties of plastics they have to be considered during recycling. Presently, almost all recycling is performed by simply remelting and reforming used plastic into new items. Additives present risks in recycled products, as they are difficult to remove. When plastic products are recycled, it is highly likely that the additives will be integrated into the new products.

Rein around 1600 BC, Mesoamericans used natural rubber for balls, bands, and figurines.[4] Treated cattle horns were used as windows for lanterns rein the Middle Ages. Materials that mimicked the properties of horns were developed by treating milk proteins with lye. Rein the nineteenth century, as chemistry developed during the Industrial Revolution, many materials were reported. The development of plastics accelerated with Charles Goodyear's 1839 discovery of vulcanization to harden natural rubber.

For thermosetting materials the process is slightly different, as the plastics are liquid to begin with and but must be cured to give solid products, but much of the equipment is broadly similar.

To customize the properties of a plastic, different molecular groups called side chains hang from this backbone; they are usually hung from the monomers before the monomers themselves are linked together to form the polymer chain. The structure of these side chains influences the properties of the polymer.